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  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SaND</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">SaND</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2749-4802</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/sand-1-105-2021</article-id><title-group><article-title>Combining innovative experimental approaches and cross-scale reactive transport modelling for assessing coupled hydrogeochemical processes at interfaces in deep geological repositories for radioactive waste</article-title><alt-title>Combining innovative experimental approaches</alt-title>
      </title-group><?xmltex \runningtitle{Combining innovative experimental approaches}?><?xmltex \runningauthor{J. Poonoosamy et al.}?>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name><surname>Poonoosamy</surname><given-names>Jenna</given-names></name>
          <email>j.poonoosamy@fz-juelich.de</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Klinkenberg</surname><given-names>Martina</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Lönartz</surname><given-names>Mara</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Yuankai</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Deissmann</surname><given-names>Guido</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Brandt</surname><given-names>Felix</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Bosbach</surname><given-names>Dirk</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><institution>Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany </institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Jenna Poonoosamy (j.poonoosamy@fz-juelich.de)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>10</day><month>November</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <fpage>105</fpage><lpage>107</lpage>
      
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2021 Jenna Poonoosamy et al.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/105/2021/sand-1-105-2021.html">This article is available from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/105/2021/sand-1-105-2021.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/105/2021/sand-1-105-2021.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/105/2021/sand-1-105-2021.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d1e120">Deep geological repositories with a multi-barrier concept are foreseen by
various countries for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. A reliable
and consistent assessment of the safety of these repositories over time scales
of some hundred thousand years requires an advancement of process
understanding. Simulation tools need to be developed for a close-to-reality
description of repository evolution scenarios. This is especially required to
resolve the challenging task of comparing and assessing the safety of
different repository concepts in different host rocks within the German
site-selection process. The construction of underground galleries and
geotechnical barriers in the host rock formation and the emplacement of
nuclear waste packages will create perturbations induced by chemical, thermal
and pressure gradients at the interfaces of the different barriers, leading to
mineral dissolution and precipitation to achieve re-equilibration. Such
coupled hydrogeochemical processes generate non-linear responses in transport
and mechanical properties of barrier materials and host rocks, which have to
be taken into account for a more rigorous assessment of repository system
evolution.</p>

      <p id="d1e123">Reactive transport modeling (RTM) can be applied to investigate these
perturbations and processes across temporal and spatial scales, from the
micro-scale at interfaces via the repository near field to the entire
repository system – information not accessible through experiments
alone. Although RTM is capable of addressing highly complex hydrogeochemical
phenomena, the application of RTM codes to real systems is impeded by the
often simplified description of coupled processes. To enhance the predictive
capabilities of reactive transport models and to gain fundamental insights
into the coupling between solute and radionuclide transport properties (e.g.,
permeability and diffusivity) of porous media and dissolution/precipitation
processes, we conducted experiments on “simplified” chemical systems
combined with pore-scale and continuum-scale reactive transport modelling to
study processes in isolation, with the final aim of improving conceptual
approaches for process couplings implemented in reactive transport codes.</p>

      <p id="d1e126">In this context, we investigated the effects of coupled mineral dissolution
and precipitation in porous media on changes in permeability using
flow-through experiments conducted in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner,
which enabled the in situ investigation of porosity evolution in combination
with monitoring changes in permeability and mineralogy. Our observations
showed that classical implementations in reactive transport codes such as the
Kozeny–Carman equation (Carman, 1937) failed to reproduce the changes in
permeability and that more sophisticated approaches are required (Poonoosamy
et al., 2020a, b). Moreover, we developed a novel “lab-on-a-chip” setup,
i.e., micronized counter diffusion reactors with in operando 3D Raman
tomography (Poonoosamy et al., 2019, 2020c), which enables evaluation of the
alteration in pore architecture and study of the effect of coupled mineral
dissolution and precipitation on the diffusive transport of solutes and
radionuclides in porous media. Our approach enables the development of
process-based theoretical models which allow for improvements in RTM codes and
for predicting the evolution of perturbed interfaces in waste repositories,
thus building<?pagebreak page106?> confidence in the predictive capabilities of reactive transport
models and reducing uncertainties with respect to future repository evolution.</p>
  </abstract>
      <trans-abstract><title>Kurzfassung</title>

      <p id="d1e131">Für die Endlagerung hochradioaktiver Abfälle sind in
verschiedenen Ländern tiefengeologische Endlager mit einem
Multibarrierenkonzept vorgesehen. Eine verlässliche
Bewertung der Sicherheit dieser Endlager über Zeiträume von mehreren
hunderttausend Jahren erfordert ein verbessertes Verständnis der dort
ablaufenden Prozesse. Hierfür bedarf es der Entwicklung von
Simulationswerkzeugen, die eine realitätsnahe Beschreibung der Entwicklung von Endlagersystemen ermöglichen. Dies ist insbesondere im Hinblick auf die im deutschen Standortauswahlverfahren bestehende Herausforderung eines Vergleichs verschiedener Endlagerkonzepte in unterschiedlichen Wirtsgesteinen erforderlich. Der Auffahrung von Strecken und die Errichtung geotechnischer Barrieren
im Wirtsgestein und die Einlagerung der Abfallgebinde führen zur Ausbildung von chemischen, mechanischen und thermischen Gradienten an den Grenzflächen der unterschiedlichen Barrierematerialien, in deren Folge es zur Auflösung oder Ausfällung von Mineralen kommen kann. Derartige gekoppelte hydrogeochemische Prozesse haben nichtlineare
Auswirkungen auf die Transporteigenschaften und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von
Barrierematerialien und Wirtsgestein, die bei der Bewertung der
Entwicklung des Endlagersystems berücksichtigt werden müssen.</p>

      <p id="d1e134">Mit Hilfe von reaktiven Stofftransportmodellen (RTM) können diese
Prozesse über verschiedenste zeitliche und räumliche Skalen, d.h. von der Mikroskala an Grenzflächen  über das
Endlagernahfeld bis hin zum gesamten Endlagersystem untersucht und analysiert werden – Informationen, die durch
Experimente allein nicht zu erhalten sind. Obwohl man mit RTM hochkomplexe
hydrogeochemische Phänomene erfassen kann, wird die Anwendung von
RTM-Codes auf reale Systeme durch die oft vereinfachte Beschreibung
gekoppelter Prozesse er<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>schwert. Um die Prognosefähigkeit reaktiver
Stofftransportmodelle zu verbessern und grundlegende Einblicke in die Kopplung
zwischen den Lösungs- und Radionuklidtransport kontrollierenden Eigenschaften
(z. B. Permeabilität und Diffusivität) poröser Medien und den
Auflösungs-/Ausfällungsprozessen zu gewinnen, haben wir Experimente an
„vereinfachten“ chemischen Systemen in Kombination mit reaktiven Stofftransportmodellierungen auf dem Poren- und Kontinuumsmaßstab durchgeführt, um Prozesse
isoliert zu betrachten, mit dem letztendlichen Ziel, die konzeptionellen
Ansätze für die in reaktiven Transportcodes implementierten
Prozesskopplungen zu verbessern.</p>

      <p id="d1e139">In diesem Zusammenhang haben wir die Auswirkungen von
Mineralauflösung und -ausfällung in porösen Medien auf
Veränderungen der Permeabilität untersucht, indem wir
Durchflussexperimente in einem Magnetresonanztomographen durchgeführt
haben, welche die In-situ-Untersuchung der Porositätsentwicklung in
Kombination mit dem Monitoring von Veränderungen der Permeabilität und
Mineralogie ermöglichten. Unsere Beobachtungen zeigten, dass  die
klassischen Implementierungen in reaktiven Transportcodes wie die
Kozeny–Carman-Gleichung (Carman, 1937) die Veränderungen der
Permeabilität nicht reproduzieren können und dass hierfür differenziertere
Ansätze erforderlich sind (Poonoosamy et al., 2020a, b). Des Weiteren haben wir einen innovativen ”Lab-on-a-Chip”-Aufbau für mikronisierte Gegendiffusionsexperimente in Kombination mit in operando 3D-Ramantomographie entwickelt (Poonoosamy et al., 2019, 2020c), der es ermöglicht, die
Veränderung der Porenarchitektur zu erfassen und die Auswirkungen der
gekoppelten Mineralauflösung und -ausfällung auf den diffusiven
Transport von gelösten Stoffen und Radionukliden in porösen Medien zu
untersuchen. Unser Ansatz erlaubt die Entwicklung prozessbasierter
theoretischer Modelle zur Verbesserung von RTM-Codes zur Prognose von Prozessen an Grenzflächen in Endlagern. Hierdurch können das Vertrauen in die Prognosefähigkeiten
reaktiver Stofftransportmodelle gestärkt und die Ungewissheiten in Bezug auf
die zukünftigen Entwicklungen in Endlagersystemen verringert werden.</p>
  </trans-abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
<body>
      

      
      </body>
    <back><notes notes-type="financialsupport"><title>Financial support</title>

      <p id="d1e147">This research has been supported by the Helmholtz-Association (grant no. SO-093) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 02NUK053A).</p>
  </notes><ref-list>
    <title>References</title>

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