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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:oasis="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table" xml:lang="en" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="abstract"><?xmltex \bartext{safeND, 2f) Chemistry and migration behaviour of radionuclides, BASE}?>
  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SaND</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">SaND</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2749-4802</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/sand-1-155-2021</article-id><title-group><article-title>Microscopic and spectroscopic investigations of uranium(VI) reduction by <italic>Desulfosporosinus hippei</italic> DSM 8344</article-title><alt-title>Microscopic and spectroscopic investigations of
uranium(VI)</alt-title>
      </title-group><?xmltex \runningtitle{Microscopic and spectroscopic investigations of
uranium(VI)}?><?xmltex \runningauthor{S.~Hilpmann et al.}?>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Hilpmann</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name>
          
        <ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7906-6851</ext-link></contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Steudtner</surname><given-names>Robin</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Drobot</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff2">
          <name><surname>Hübner</surname><given-names>René</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Bok</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Stumpf</surname><given-names>Thorsten</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Cherkouk</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name>
          <email>a.cherkouk@hzdr.de</email>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Dresden, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, <?xmltex \hack{\break}?> Dresden, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Andrea Cherkouk (a.cherkouk@hzdr.de)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>10</day><month>November</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <fpage>155</fpage><lpage>156</lpage>
      
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2021 Stephan Hilpmann et al.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/155/2021/sand-1-155-2021.html">This article is available from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/155/2021/sand-1-155-2021.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/155/2021/sand-1-155-2021.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/155/2021/sand-1-155-2021.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d1e134">Clay formations are potential host rocks for the long-term storage of
high-level radioactive waste in a deep geological repository. Bentonites are supposed to serve as backfill material, not only for a final disposal site in clay formations but also in crystalline rock. For a long-term safety assessment, various aspects must be taken into account. Besides geological, geochemical and geophysical considerations, naturally occurring microorganisms also play a crucial part in the environment of such a repository. In the event of a worst-case scenario when water enters the disposal site, they can interact with the radionuclides and change for example the chemical speciation or the oxidation state (Lloyd et al., 2002).</p>

      <p id="d1e137"><italic>Desulfosporosinus</italic> spp. are an important representative of anaerobic, sulfate-reducing microorganisms, which are present in clay formations as well as in bentonites. Various studies have shown that they play a major role in the microbial communities of these surroundings (Bagnoud et al., 2016; Matschiavelli et al., 2019). A closely related microorganism to the isolated species is <italic>Desulfosporosinus hippei</italic> DSM 8344, which was originally found in permafrost soil (Vatsurina et al., 2008). This bacterium was used to investigate its interactions with uranium(VI) especially regarding the reduction to the less mobile uranium(IV).</p>

      <p id="d1e145">Time-dependent reduction experiments in artificial Opalinus Clay pore water
(Wersin et al., 2011) (100 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M1" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">µ</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> uranium(VI), pH 5.5) showed the
removal of about 80 % of the uranium(VI) from the supernatants within
48 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M2" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Corresponding UV/Vis measurements of the dissolved cell pellets exhibited an increasing proportion of uranium(IV) in the cell-bound
uranium. Calculations with the inclusion of extinction coefficients led to a ratio of 39 % uranium(IV) after 1 week. Therefore, a combined
sorption-reduction process is a possible interaction mechanism.</p>

      <p id="d1e166">Time-resolved laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy verified the presence of two uranium(VI) species in the supernatant. A comparison with reference
spectra led to an assignment to a uranyl(VI) lactate and a uranyl(VI)
carbonate complex. The species distribution showed a decrease of the
proportion of the lactate species with time, whereas the proportion of the
carbonate species remained almost constant.</p>

      <p id="d1e169">Uranium aggregates are formed on the cell surface during the process, as
determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, uranium
occurs inside and outside the cells as well as vesicles containing uranium.</p>

      <p id="d1e173">These findings help to close existing gaps in a comprehensive safeguard
concept for a repository for high-level radioactive waste in clay
rock. Moreover, this study provides new insights into the interactions of
sulfate-reducing microorganisms with uranium(VI).</p>
  </abstract>
      <trans-abstract><title>Kurzfassung</title>

      <p id="d1e178">Tonformationen sind potenzielle Wirtsgesteine für die
Langzeitlagerung von hochradioaktivem Abfall in einem geologischen
Tiefenlager. Bentonite sollen als Verfüllmaterial dienen, nicht nur
für eine Endlagerstätte in Tonformationen, sondern auch in
kristallinem Gestein. Für eine langfristige<?pagebreak page156?> Sicherheitsbewertung
müssen verschiedene Gesichtspunkte berücksichtigt werden. Neben
geologischen, geochemischen und geophysikalischen Faktoren spielen auch
natürlich vorkommende Mikroorganismen eine wesentliche Rolle in der
Umgebung einer derartigen Lagerstätte. Im Fall eines Worst-Case-Szenarios, wenn Wasser in die Lagerstätte eindringt, können sie mit den Radionukliden interagieren und z. B. die chemische Speziierung oder den Oxidationszustand verändern (Lloyd et al., 2002).</p>

      <p id="d1e181"><italic>Desulfosporosinus</italic> spp. sind ein wichtiger Vertreter anaerober,
sulfatreduzierender Mikroorganismen, die sowohl in Tonformationen als auch in
Bentoniten vorkommen. In verschiedenen Studien wurde gezeigt, dass sie eine
bedeutsame Rolle in den mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften solcher Umgebungen spielen (Bagnoud et al., 2016; Matschiavelli et al., 2019). Ein mit der isolierten Spezies eng verwandter Mikroorganismus ist <italic>Desulfosporosinus hippei</italic> DSM 8344, der ursprünglich im Permafrostboden gefunden wurde (Vatsurina et al., 2008). Dieses Bakterium wurde zur Untersuchung seiner Wechselwirkungen mit Uran (VI) eingesetzt, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Reduktion zu dem weniger mobilen Uran (IV).</p>

      <p id="d1e189">Zeitabhängige Reduktionsversuche in künstlichem Opalinuston-Porenwasser (Wersin et al., 2011) (100 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M3" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">µ</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> Uran (VI),
pH 5,5) ergaben die Entfernung von etwa 80 % des Uran (VI) aus den
Überständen innerhalb von 48 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M4" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Korrespondierende UV/Vis-Messungen der gelösten Zellpellets ergaben einen zunehmenden Anteil von Uran (IV) im zellgebundenen Uran. Berechnungen unter Einschluss von Extinktionskoeffizienten führten zu einem Anteil von 39 % Uran (IV) nach einer Woche. Daher stellt ein kombinierter Sorptions-Reduktions-Prozess einen möglichen Interaktionsmechanismus dar.</p>

      <p id="d1e210">Mit der zeitaufgelösten laserinduzierten Lumineszenzspektroskopie wurde
das Vorhandensein von 2 Uran(VI)-Arten im Überstand nachgewiesen. Ein
Vergleich mit Referenzspektren führte zu einer Zuordnung zu einem
Uranyl(VI)-Laktat- und einem Uranyl(VI)-Karbonat-Komplex. Die
Speziesverteilung wies eine Abnahme des Anteils der Laktatspezies mit der Zeit auf, während der Anteil der Karbonatspezies fast konstant blieb.</p>

      <p id="d1e213">Uranaggregate werden auf der Zelloberfläche während des Prozesses
gebildet, wie durch die Transmissions<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>elektronenmikroskopie (TEM) festgestellt wurde. Darüber hinaus kommt Uran innerhalb und außerhalb der Zellen sowie in Vesikeln vor, die Uran enthalten.</p>

      <p id="d1e219">Diese Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, bestehende Lücken in einem umfassenden
Konzept von Sicherheitsvorkehrungen für ein Endlager für
hochradioaktive Abfälle in Tongestein zu schließen. Außerdem
liefert diese Studie neue Erkenntnisse zu den Interaktionen von
sulfatreduzierenden Mikroorganismen mit Uran (VI).</p>
  </trans-abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
<body>
      

      
      </body>
    <back><ref-list>
    <title>References</title>

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<abstract-html/>
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