<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing with OASIS Tables v3.0 20080202//EN" "journalpub-oasis3.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:oasis="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table" xml:lang="en" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="abstract"><?xmltex \bartext{safeND, 2f) Chemistry and migration behaviour of radionuclides, BASE}?>
  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SaND</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">SaND</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2749-4802</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/sand-1-159-2021</article-id><title-group><article-title>Impact of increased temperatures on the geochemical behaviour of trivalent actinides in aquatic systems</article-title><alt-title>Impact of increased <inline-formula><mml:math id="M1" display="inline"><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> on the geochemical behaviour of An(III)(aq)</alt-title>
      </title-group><?xmltex \runningtitle{Impact of increased $T$ on the geochemical behaviour of An(III)(aq)}?><?xmltex \runningauthor{A. Skerencak-Frech et al.}?>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Skerencak-Frech</surname><given-names>Andrej</given-names></name>
          <email>andrej.skerencak@kit.edu</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff2">
          <name><surname>Panak</surname><given-names>Petra</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Dardenne</surname><given-names>Kathy</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Rothe</surname><given-names>Jörg</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Gaona</surname><given-names>Xavier</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Altmaier</surname><given-names>Marcus</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1">
          <name><surname>Geckeis</surname><given-names>Horst</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung – INE, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie – KIT, Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut – PCI, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Andrej Skerencak-Frech (andrej.skerencak@kit.edu)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>10</day><month>November</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <fpage>159</fpage><lpage>160</lpage>
      
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2021 Andrej Skerencak-Frech et al.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/159/2021/sand-1-159-2021.html">This article is available from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/159/2021/sand-1-159-2021.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/159/2021/sand-1-159-2021.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/159/2021/sand-1-159-2021.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d1e136">The Safety Case for a radioactive waste repository in deep geological
formations requires detailed chemical and thermodynamic information on
the stored radionuclides in their relevant oxidation states. Although
a comprehensive summary of critically evaluated thermodynamic data is
available via the blue book series of the NEA-TDB (“Nuclear Energy Agency – Thermochemical Database”), the
majority of this data is limited to ambient conditions (Grenthe et al., 2020). In the case of the disposal of high-active, heat-producing waste, however, the near-field of the repository will experience increased temperatures at early operative phases for several hundred or a few thousand years. Radionuclides may come into contact with aquatic solutions or brines at elevated temperatures in the case of early canister failure. Besides other factors of the overall disposal concept (e.g. the geometry of the repository, type and amount of stored radionuclide inventories), host rock characteristics themselves limit the extent of the allowable temperature increase. For example, in clay formations the maximum temperature should stay at around or below <inline-formula><mml:math id="M2" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">100</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:msup><mml:mi/><mml:mo>∘</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> in order to avoid an irreversible change in the host rock retention capacity, whereas rock salt allows much higher temperatures of up to 200 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M3" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:msup><mml:mi/><mml:mo>∘</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>

      <p id="d1e169">Increased temperatures will have a distinct impact on the geochemical
behaviour of radionuclides, potentially affecting their mobility and
retention in the near field. Besides reactions at the solid–liquid
interface (e.g. dissolution/precipitation reactions of the waste
matrix, sorption reactions of the radionuclides to surfaces),
complexation reactions with inorganic and organic ligands present in
the aqueous phase potentially affect migration behaviour of the
radionuclides. A quantitative thermodynamic description of these
processes requires standard stability constants (<inline-formula><mml:math id="M4" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>log⁡</mml:mi><mml:msubsup><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">β</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), as well as standard reaction enthalpies and
entropies (<inline-formula><mml:math id="M5" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>,
<inline-formula><mml:math id="M6" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). The precise experimental determination
of these data for all relevant radionuclide/ligand reactions requires
a vast amount of time and effort. In this regard, reliable
extrapolation methods in particular for standard stability constants
valid for 25 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M7" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:msup><mml:mi/><mml:mo>∘</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> to higher temperatures are considered
to support a comprehensive description. Recently, the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)-funded collaborative
research project “Therm AC” focused on the experimental determination of new thermodynamic data at higher temperatures, as well as the comparison with the analogous results yielded by extrapolation methods. The Thermochemical Database Project of the OECD-NEA (NEA-TDB) is currently in the process of preparing a comprehensive state-of-the-art report on the high temperature thermodynamics of radionuclides, further emphasizing the particular relevance of this interesting topic.</p>

      <p id="d1e251">Within this contribution, a critical overview on the recent advances in the field of high temperature studies of radionuclides in aqueous solutions will be given. Besides summarizing information on key technical aspects relevant for high temperature studies, the effect of increased temperatures on the complexation of trivalent actinides with chloride will be discussed in more detail in order to illustrate newly derived in-depth understanding of the impact of increased temperatures on the (geo)chemical behaviour of trivalent actinides on the molecular scale (Skerencak-Frech et al., 2014).</p>
  </abstract>
      <trans-abstract><title>Kurzfassung</title>

      <p id="d1e256">Der Sicherheitsnachweis für ein Endlager für
radioaktive Abfälle in tiefen geologischen Formationen erfordert
detaillierte chemische und thermodynamische Informationen über
die gelagerten<?pagebreak page160?> Radionuklide in ihren relevanten
Oxidationsstufen. Zwar ist über die Bluebook-Reihe der NEA-TDB
(„Nuclear Energy Agency – Thermochemical Database“)
eine umfassende Zusammenfassung kritisch bewerteter
thermodynami<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>scher Daten verfügbar, allerdings beschränkt
sich der Großteil davon auf Umgebungsbedingungen (Grenthe et
al., 2020). Bei der Entsorgung hochaktiver, wärmeerzeugender
Abfälle jedoch wird das nähere Umfeld des Endlagers in
frühen Betriebsphasen für mehrere hundert oder einige
tausend Jahre erhöhten Temperaturen ausgesetzt sein, bei welchen
Radionuklide im Falle einer frühen Beschädigung des
Kanisters mit wässrigen Lösungen oder Solen in Kontakt
kommen können. Neben anderen Faktoren des Endlagerkonzepts
(z. B. Geometrie des Endlagers, Art und Menge der gespeicherten
Radionuklide) begrenzen die Wirtsgesteinseigenschaften selbst das
Ausmaß der zulässigen Temperaturerhöhung. So sollte
beispielsweise in Tonformationen die Maximaltempe<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>ratur um oder unter
<inline-formula><mml:math id="M8" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">100</mml:mn><mml:mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:msup><mml:mi/><mml:mo>∘</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> bleiben, um eine irreversible
Änderung des Wirtsgesteinsrückhaltevermögens zu
vermeiden, während Steinsalz deutlich höhere Temperaturen
von bis zu 200 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M9" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:msup><mml:mi/><mml:mo>∘</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> zulässt.</p>

      <p id="d1e293">Erhöhte Temperaturen werden das geochemische Verhalten von Radionukliden deutlich beeinflussen und möglicherweise ihre Mobilität und das Rückhaltevermögen im näheren Umfeld beeinträchtigen. Neben Reaktionen an der Grenzfläche zwischen festen und flüssigen Phasen (z. B. Lösungs-/Fällungsreaktionen der Abfallgrundsubstanz, Sorptionsreaktionen der Radionuklide an Oberflächen) beeinflussen eventuell auch komplexbildende Reaktionen mit in der wässrigen Phase vorhandenen organischen und anorganischen Liganden das Migrationsverhalten der Radionuklide. Eine quantitative thermodynamische Beschreibung dieser Prozesse erfordert sowohl Standardstabilitätskonstanten (<inline-formula><mml:math id="M10" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>log⁡</mml:mi><mml:msubsup><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">β</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) als auch Standardreaktionsenthalpien und -entropien (<inline-formula><mml:math id="M11" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M12" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). Die genaue experimentelle Ermittlung dieser Daten für alle relevanten Radionuklid-Liganden-Reaktionen ist äußerst arbeits- und zeitaufwendig. In diesem Kontext werden zuverlässige Extrapolationsmethoden insbesondere für Standardstabilitätskonstanten, die für 25 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M13" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:msup><mml:mi/><mml:mo>∘</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> bis zu höheren Temperaturen valide sind, als Grundlage für eine umfassende Beschreibung angesehen. In letzter Zeit konzentrierte sich das vom deutschen BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung) geförderte Forschungsverbundprojekt „ThermAC“ auf die experimentelle Ermittlung neuer thermodynamischer Daten bei höheren Temperaturen und den Vergleich mit den entsprechenden Ergebnissen der Extrapolationsmethoden. Das thermochemische Datenbankprojekt der OECD-NEA (NEA-TDB [OECD: „Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development“]) ist derzeit damit befasst, einen umfassenden State-of-the-Art-Bericht zur Hochtemperaturthermodynamik von Radionukliden zu erstellen, womit die besondere Relevanz dieses interessanten Themas weiter unterstrichen wird.</p>

      <p id="d1e375">In diesem Beitrag wird ein kritischer Überblick über die
jüngsten Fortschritte im Bereich der Hochtemperaturstudien von
Radionukliden in wässrigen Lösungen gegeben. Neben der
Zusammenfassung der für Hochtemperaturuntersuchungen relevanten
technischen Schlüsselaspekte wird der Einfluss erhöhter
Temperaturen auf komplexbildende Reaktionen zwischen trivalenten
Aktinoiden und Chlorid näher beleuchtet, um ein neu gewonnenes
umfassenderes Verständnis des Einflusses erhöhter Temperaturen
auf das (geo-)chemische Verhalten trivalenter Aktinoide auf
molekularer Ebene zu veranschaulichen (Skerencak-Frech et al., 2014).</p>
  </trans-abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
<body>
      

      
      </body>
    <back><ref-list>
    <title>References</title>

      <ref id="bib1.bib1"><label>1</label><?label CR1?><mixed-citation>Grenthe, I., Gaona, X., Plyasunov, A. V., Linfeng, R., Runde, W. H., Grambow, B., Konings, R. J., Smith, A. L., and Moore, E. E.: Second Update on the chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium,
Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium and Technetium, vol 14, OECD Publications, Paris, France, 2020. </mixed-citation></ref><?xmltex \hack{\vfill\newpage}?>
      <ref id="bib1.bib2"><label>2</label><?label CR2?><mixed-citation>Skerencak-Frech, A., Fröhlich, D. R., Rothe, J.,
Dardenne, K., and Panak, P. J.: Combined Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy Study on the Complexation of Trivalent Actinides with Chloride at <inline-formula><mml:math id="M14" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">25</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>–200 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M15" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:msup><mml:mi/><mml:mo>∘</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, Inorg. Chem., 53, 1062–1069, <ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ic4025603" ext-link-type="DOI">10.1021/ic4025603</ext-link>, 2014.</mixed-citation></ref>

  </ref-list></back>
    <!--<article-title-html>Impact of increased temperatures on the geochemical behaviour of trivalent actinides in aquatic systems</article-title-html>
<abstract-html/>
<ref-html id="bib1.bib1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>
Grenthe, I., Gaona, X., Plyasunov, A. V., Linfeng, R., Runde, W. H., Grambow, B., Konings, R. J., Smith, A. L., and Moore, E. E.: Second Update on the chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium,
Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium and Technetium, vol 14, OECD Publications, Paris, France, 2020.
</mixed-citation></ref-html>
<ref-html id="bib1.bib2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>Skerencak-Frech, A., Fröhlich, D. R., Rothe, J.,
Dardenne, K., and Panak, P. J.: Combined Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy Study on the Complexation of Trivalent Actinides with Chloride at <i>T</i> = 25–200&thinsp;°C, Inorg. Chem., 53, 1062–1069, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ic4025603" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1021/ic4025603</a>, 2014.
</mixed-citation></ref-html>--></article>
