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  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SaND</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">SaND</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2749-4802</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/sand-1-181-2021</article-id><title-group><article-title>Deciphering porosity clogging at barrier interfaces in deep geological repositories for radioactive waste</article-title><alt-title>Deciphering porosity clogging at barrier interfaces</alt-title>
      </title-group><?xmltex \runningtitle{Deciphering porosity clogging at barrier interfaces}?><?xmltex \runningauthor{M.~I.~L\"{o}nartz et al.}?>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Lönartz</surname><given-names>Mara I.</given-names></name>
          <email>m.loenartz@fz-juelich.de</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Poonoosamy</surname><given-names>Jenna</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Yuankai</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Ait-Mouheb</surname><given-names>Naila</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Deissmann</surname><given-names>Guido</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Bosbach</surname><given-names>Dirk</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Nuclear Waste Management and Reactor Safety (IEK-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2"><label>ℹ</label><institution>All authors are part of the Reactive Transport Modelling group.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Mara I. Lönartz (m.loenartz@fz-juelich.de)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>10</day><month>November</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <fpage>181</fpage><lpage>182</lpage>
      
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2021 Mara I. Lönartz et al.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/181/2021/sand-1-181-2021.html">This article is available from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/181/2021/sand-1-181-2021.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/181/2021/sand-1-181-2021.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/181/2021/sand-1-181-2021.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d1e120">The disposal of spent nuclear fuels and high-level radioactive wastes in deep
geological repositories represents one of the greatest scientific-technical
and societal challenges of our times. Most disposal concepts rely on a
multibarrier system, consisting of a combination of engineered materials,
geotechnical and geological barriers to provide a safe containment of the
radioactive waste to protect humans and the environment against dangers
arising from ionizing radiation. A reliable safety assessment of a deep
geological repository over assessment time scales of several 100 000 years
requires a profound and comprehensive understanding of the complex coupled
physical (thermal, hydraulic, mechanical), chemical and biogeochemical
(THM/CB) processes that govern the long-term evolution of the repository
system.</p>

      <p id="d1e123">As a result of thermal and chemical gradients at the interfaces of different
components and materials of the multi-barrier system (e.g. interfaces between
metallic waste containers and bentonite backfill or between structural
concrete and clay host rock), mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions
are promoted; thus the (local) porosity, the volume filled with gas and/or
water, can increase or decrease leading to changes in the macroscopic
transport properties of the respective media. Although a reduction of the
porosity (porosity clogging) appears to be desirable to inhibit radionuclide
migration, it can also be detrimental, particularly in the case of gas
pressure build-up due to canister corrosion or bacterial activity.</p>

      <p id="d1e126">So far, porosity clogging at barrier interfaces and associated consequences on
solute or gas transport remain poorly understood; currently used mathematical
descriptions of porosity clogging in reactive transport codes usually fail to
capture respective experimental observations (Chagneau et al., 2015; Deng et
al., 2021). In this context, we are developing a “lab-on-a-chip” set-up,
which combines time lapse optical microscopy imaging and in operando Raman
spectroscopy (Poonoosamy et al., 2019, 2020) to determine
(i) whether complete clogging is possible and permanent, (ii) which parameters
control the porosity clogging and (iii) which changes in transport properties
of porous media are induced due to porosity clogging. Our approach comprises
micronized counterdiffusion experiments with in situ visualization and
monitoring of the evolution of mineralogy and <?xmltex \hack{\mbox\bgroup}?>microstructure/pore<?xmltex \hack{\egroup}?> architecture
with time. Complementary pore scale modelling will be used to derive key
relationships that describe changes in transport properties due to mineral
precipitation-induced porosity clogging. This approach will help to improve
reactive transport codes and their predictive capabilities thus enhancing
confidence and reduce uncertainties in long-term predictions, leading to more
realistic descriptions of the evolution of complex repository systems.</p>
  </abstract>
      <trans-abstract><title>Kurzfassung</title>

      <p id="d1e135">Die Endlagerung abgebrannter Kernbrennstoffe und
hochradioaktiver Abfälle in tiefen geologischen Formationen stellt eine
der größten wissenschaftlich-technischen und gesellschaftlichen
Herausforderungen unserer Zeit dar. Die meisten Entsorgungskonzepte basieren
auf einem Multibarrierensystem, das aus einer Kombination von technischen, geotechnischen und geologischen Barrieren besteht, um einen
sicheren Einschluss der radioaktiven Abfälle zu
gewährleisten, der Mensch und Umwelt vor Gefahren<?pagebreak page182?> durch ionisierende
Strahlung schützt. Eine verlässliche Sicherheitsbewertung eines
tiefengeologischen Endlagers über Bewertungszeiträume von mehreren 100 000 Jahren erfordert ein tiefgreifendes und umfassendes Verständnis der
komplexen gekoppelten physikalischen (thermischen, hydraulischen,
mechanischen), chemi<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>schen und biogeochemischen (THM/CB) Prozesse, die die Langzeitentwicklung des Endlagersystems bestimmen.</p>

      <p id="d1e140">Durch thermische und chemische Gradienten an den Grenzflächen
zwischen verschiedenen Komponenten und Materialien des Multibarrierensystems
(z. B. Grenzflächen zwischen metallischen Abfallbehältern und
Bentonitverfüllung oder zwischen Konstruktionsbeton und tonigem Wirtsgestein) werden
Auflösungs- und Ausfällungsreaktionen begünstigt;
somit kann die (lokale) Porosität, d.h. der mit Gas und/oder Wasser
gefüllte Porenraum, zunehmen oder abnehmen, was zu Veränderungen der
makroskopischen Transporteigenschaften der jeweiligen Materialien
führt. Obwohl eine Verringerung der Porosität („porosity
clogging“) wünschenswert erscheint, um die Radionuklidmigration zu
verhindern, kann sie auch von Nachteil sein, insbesondere bei einer Zunahme
des Gasdrucks infolge einer Korrosion der Abfallbehälter oder bakterielle
Aktivität.</p>

      <p id="d1e143">Bis jetzt sind diese Verringerung der Porosität an
Barrieregrenzflächen und deren Auswirkungen auf den Transport von
Flüssigkeiten oder Gasen nur wenig verstanden, die derzeit verwendeten
mathemati<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>schen Beschreibungen der Porositätsreduktion in reaktiven
Transportcodes werden den entsprechenden experi<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>mentellen Beobachtungen in der
Regel nicht gerecht (Chagneau et al., 2015; Deng et al., 2021). In diesem
Kontext entwickeln wir einen „Labor-auf-dem-Chip“-Aufbau („lab-on-a-chip“), welcher optische Mikroskopie und konfokale Raman-Spektroskopie kombiniert um zu ermitteln, ob (i) ein
vollständiger Verlust der Porosität möglich und von Dauer ist,
(ii) welche Parameter die Porositätsverminderung steuern und (iii) welche
Veränderungen der Transporteigenschaften poröser Medien durch diese
Porositätsveränderungen hervorgerufen werden. Unser Ansatz umfasst
mikronisierte Gegendiffusionsexperimente mit In-situ-Visualisierung und
Überwachung der zeitlichen Entwicklung von Mineralogie und
Mikrostruktur/Porenarchitektur. Eine ergänzende Modellierung auf dem Porenmaßstab
wird verwendet, um Stoffgesetze abzuleiten, die Veränderungen
der Transporteigenschaften aufgrund einer durch Mineralausfällungen
induzierten Porositätsverminderung beschreiben. Dieser Ansatz soll dazu
beitragen, reaktive Stofftransportmodelle und ihre
Prognosefähigkeiten zu verbessern  und Unsicherheiten zu verringern, um eine realistischere Beschreibung der Entwicklung komplexer Endlagersysteme zu erhalten.</p>
  </trans-abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
<body>
      

      
      </body>
    <back><notes notes-type="financialsupport"><title>Financial support</title>

      <p id="d1e155">This research has been supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant number 02NUK053A) and the Helmholtz Association (HGF grant SO-093).</p>
  </notes><ref-list>
    <title>References</title>

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<abstract-html/>
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