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  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SaND</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">SaND</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2749-4802</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/sand-1-279-2021</article-id><title-group><article-title>The use of muon radiography in safeguarding<?xmltex \hack{\break}?> geological repositories</article-title><alt-title>The use of muon radiography in safeguarding geological repositories</alt-title>
      </title-group><?xmltex \runningtitle{The use of muon radiography in safeguarding geological repositories}?><?xmltex \runningauthor{L.~Thompson et~al.}?>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>Lee</given-names></name>
          <email>l.thompson@sheffield.ac.uk</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff3">
          <name><surname>Aymanns</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff3">
          <name><surname>Niemeyer</surname><given-names>Irmgard</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff4">
          <name><surname>Vieh</surname><given-names>Christiane</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Weekes</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Geoptic Ltd, Hook, RG29 1HS, UK</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>FZJ, 52425 Jülich, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>BGE, 38226 Salzgitter, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Lee Thompson (l.thompson@sheffield.ac.uk)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>10</day><month>November</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <fpage>279</fpage><lpage>280</lpage>
      
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2021 </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/.html">This article is available from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d1e127">Muon radiography is a technique that harnesses naturally occurring cosmic
radiation to noninvasively determine the density of an object of interest. The
technique has many similarities to that of medical X-ray examinations and can
supply detailed density maps of the object. We propose the application of muon
radiography to aspects of the long-term monitoring of nuclear waste. In
particular, muon radiography would provide valuable information on the
overburden of a prospective underground geological repository and would be
able to identify unknown features, such as undocumented underground
passages. Similarly, muon tomography is capable of confirming that containers
that have nominally been emptied are in fact empty. Such safeguard measures
are important to maintain continuity of knowledge and to develop robust
deterrent strategies against the removal of monitored nuclear material.</p>

      <p id="d1e130">The presentation focuses on the results of simulations that address some of
these questions. Details of assumptions regarding the detector requirements
and run times necessary to perform the imaging are discussed and results from
the various removal and misuse scenarios are presented.</p>
  </abstract>
      <trans-abstract><title>Kurzfassung</title>

      <p id="d1e135">Die Myon-Radiografie nutzt natürlich vorkommende kosmische
Strahlung zur nichtinvasiven Bestimmung der Dichte eines Objekts von
Interesse. Diese Technik hat Ähnlichkeiten mit der medizinischen
Röntgenuntersuchung und kann detaillierte Dichtekarten des Objekts
erstellen. Wir empfehlen, die Myon-Radiografie im Bereich des langfristigen
Monitorings von nuklearen Abfällen anzuwenden. Die Myon-Radiografie
würde insbesondere wertvolle Informationen über das Deckgestein eines
potenziellen geologi<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>schen Endlagers liefern und wäre in der Lage,
unbekannte Merkmale zu identifizieren, wie beispielsweise nicht kartografisch
erfasste unterirdische Gänge. Ferner lässt sich mithilfe der
Myon-Tomografie nachweisen, dass nominell entleerte Behälter auch
tatsächlich kein Material mehr enthalten. Solche Sicherungsmaßnahmen
sind wichtig, um die Kontinuität des Fachwissens zu gewährleisten und
um eine robuste Abschreckungsstrategie gegen die Entwendung von
überwachtem nuklearem Material zu entwickeln.</p>

      <p id="d1e140">Die Präsentation wird sich auf die Ergebnisse von Simulationen
konzentrieren, die einige dieser Anliegen behandeln. Diskutiert werden
Einzelheiten zu den Annahmen hinsichtlich der Detektoranforderungen sowie der
für die Bildgebung erforderlichen Laufzeiten, und vorgestellt werden
Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Szenarien zu Entwendung und missbräuchlicher
Verwendung.</p>
  </trans-abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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    <back><notes notes-type="financialsupport"><title>Financial support</title>

      <p id="d1e148">This research has been supported by the Horizon 2020 (CHANCE (grant no. 755371)).</p>
  </notes></back>
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