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  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SaND</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">SaND</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2749-4802</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/sand-1-293-2021</article-id><title-group><article-title>Transport in tight material enlightened<?xmltex \hack{\break}?> by process tomography</article-title><alt-title>Transport in tight material enlightened by process tomography</alt-title>
      </title-group><?xmltex \runningtitle{Transport in tight material enlightened by process tomography}?><?xmltex \runningauthor{J.~Kulenkampff et al.}?>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name><surname>Kulenkampff</surname><given-names>Johannes</given-names></name>
          <email>j.kulenkampff@hzdr.de</email>
        <ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-5829</ext-link></contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Bollermann</surname><given-names>Till</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Cardenas Rivera</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>Cornelius</given-names></name>
          
        <ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-6438</ext-link></contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><institution>Institute of Resource Ecology – Reactive Transport, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf,<?xmltex \hack{\break}?> Leipzig, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Johannes Kulenkampff (j.kulenkampff@hzdr.de)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>10</day><month>November</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <fpage>293</fpage><lpage>294</lpage>
      
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2021 Johannes Kulenkampff et al.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/293/2021/sand-1-293-2021.html">This article is available from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/293/2021/sand-1-293-2021.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/293/2021/sand-1-293-2021.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/293/2021/sand-1-293-2021.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d1e96">The analysis of fluid transport through tight barrier materials poses two
major challenges: (i) Long equilibration periods require long minimum
experiment durations, and (ii) the fluid transport frequently results in
complex pattern formation. Measuring times that are too short may feign
transport rates that are too low; intact homogeneous samples are often missing
problematic features, e.g. fractures. Both issues are detected and analyzed by
using process tomography techniques, thereby providing an improved
understanding of transport processes in complex materials.</p>

      <p id="d1e99">We thus continuously develop and apply the positron emission tomography (PET)
method for geomaterials (Kulenkampff et al., 2016). This is able to trace very
low concentrations of <inline-formula><mml:math id="M1" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">β</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>-emitting radionuclides during their
passage through drill cores of barrier material with reasonable resolution
(1 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M2" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">mm</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) and over variable periods (hours to years). The method yields
time-resolved quantitative tomographic images of the tracer concentration
(e.g. <ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.166509" ext-link-type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.166509</ext-link>), in contrast to
input-output experiments like common permeability measurements, diffusion
cells or break-through curves.</p>

      <p id="d1e124">Our current research includes the analysis of diffusive transport in
heterogeneous shales (sandy facies of the Opalinus Clay) (BMBF and HGF iCross
project), the reactive flow in fracture-filling materials of crystalline rocks
(Eurad FUTURE project) and transport in engineered barriers and the contact
zone (Euratom Cebama, Eurad Magic, as well as MgO and Stroefun BMWi
projects). The efforts combine flow field tomography, structural imaging and
reactive transport modelling to improve process understanding and to provide a
bridge from the molecular to the macroscopic scale.</p>

      <p id="d1e127">The benefits include:
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item>
      <p id="d1e132">Insight into temporal stability and spatial heterogeneity of the observed transport process</p></list-item><list-item>
      <p id="d1e136">Parameterization of local velocity distribution and effective volume as well as comparability with pore-scale model simulations</p></list-item><list-item>
      <p id="d1e140">Ability to quantify multiple internal transport rates without the need to register the delayed output signal</p></list-item><list-item>
      <p id="d1e144">Transparent and palpable visualization of processes hidden in the opaque material</p></list-item></list>
The method requires specific constraints of the experimental setup (size,
fluid pressure, temperature). Nevertheless, it provides unique insight into
reactive transport processes observed in potential materials for nuclear waste
management.</p>
  </abstract>
      <trans-abstract><title>Kurzfassung</title>

      <p id="d1e150">Bei der Analyse des Flüssigkeitstransports durch dichte
Barrierematerialien stellen sich 2 große Herausforderungen: (i) Die langen
Equilibrierungszeiträume erfordern lange minimale Versuchsdauern, und (ii)
der Flüssigkeitstransport führt häufig zur Ausbildung komplexer
Muster. Zu kurze Messzeiträume können zu geringe Transportraten
vortäuschen; intakten homogenen Proben fehlen oft problematische Merkmale,
z. B. Brüche. Bei Nutzung von Prozesstomographietechniken werden beide
Problematiken erkannt und analysiert, wodurch diese Verfahren ein verbessertes
Verständnis von Transportprozessen in komplexen Materialien
ermöglichen.</p>

      <?pagebreak page294?><p id="d1e153">Daher entwickeln und wenden wir das Verfahren der
Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) für Geo<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>materialien kontinuierlich an
(Kulenkampff et al., 2016). Sie erlaubt es, sehr niedrige Konzentrationen an
<inline-formula><mml:math id="M3" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">β</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> emittierenden Radionukliden während deren Passage durch
Bohrlöcher von Barrierematerialien mit ausreichender Auflösung
(1 <inline-formula><mml:math id="M4" display="inline"><mml:mrow class="unit"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">mm</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) und über unterschiedliche Zeiträume (Stunden bis Jahre)
zu detektieren. Die Methode liefert zeitaufgelöste quantitative
tomographische Aufnahmen der Tracerkonzentration
(z. B. <ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.166509" ext-link-type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.166509</ext-link>), im Gegensatz zu
Input-Output-Experimenten wie gängigen Permeabi<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>litätsmessungen,
Diffusionszellen oder Durchbruchkurven.</p>

      <p id="d1e182">Unsere aktuelle Forschung beinhaltet die Analyse des diffusen Transports in
heterogenen Tonschiefern (sandige Fazies des Opalinustons;
BMBF- und
HGF-iCross-Projekt), des reaktiven Flusses in bruchfüllenden Materialien
kristalliner Gesteine (Eurad-FUTURE-Projekt) und des Transports in technischen
Barrieren und der Kontaktzone (Euratom Cebama, Eurad Magic, sowie MgO und
Stroefun BMWi-Projekte). In den Versuchen werden Strömungsfeldtomographie,
strukturelle Bildgebung und reaktive Transportmodellierung kombiniert, um das
Prozessverständnis zu verbessern und eine Brücke von der molekularen
zur makroskopischen Skala zu schlagen.</p>

      <p id="d1e185">Die Vorteile umfassen:
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item>
      <p id="d1e190">Einblick in die zeitliche Stabilität und räumliche Heterogenität des beobachteten Transportprozesses</p></list-item><list-item>
      <p id="d1e194">Parametrisierung der lokalen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung und des effektiven Volumens, Vergleichbarkeit mit Porenskalamodellsimulationen</p></list-item><list-item>
      <p id="d1e198">Möglichkeit, mehrere interne Transportraten zu quantifizieren, ohne das verzögerte Ausgangssignal re<?xmltex \hack{-\break}?>gistrieren zu müssen</p></list-item><list-item>
      <p id="d1e204">Transparente und tastbare Visualisierung von im opaken Material verborgenen Prozessen</p></list-item></list></p>

      <p id="d1e207">Die Methode erfordert spezifische Randbedingungen des Versuchsaufbaus
(Größe, Flüssigkeitsdruck, Temperatur). Dennoch bietet sie
einzigartige Einblicke in reaktive Transportprozesse, die in potenziellen
Materialien für die Entsorgung nuklearer Abfälle beobachtet wurden.</p>
  </trans-abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
<body>
      

      
      </body>
    <back><notes notes-type="financialsupport"><title>Financial support</title>

      <p id="d1e215">This research has been supported by
the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, grant no.
02NUK053B), the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie in collaboration with the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft HGF (BMWi, grant nos. 02E11748B and 02E11769B), and the Horizon 2020
5 (grant nos. Cebama (662147) and EURAD (847593)).</p>
  </notes><?xmltex \hack{\vfill\newpage}?><ref-list>
    <title>References</title>

      <ref id="bib1.bib1"><label>1</label><?label CR1?><mixed-citation>Kulenkampff, J., Gründig, M., Zakhnini, A., and Lippmann-Pipke, J.: Geoscientific process monitoring with positron emission tomography (GeoPET), Solid Earth, 7, 1217–1231, <ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1217-2016" ext-link-type="DOI">10.5194/se-7-1217-2016</ext-link>, 2016.</mixed-citation></ref>
      <ref id="bib1.bib2"><label>2</label><?label CR2?><mixed-citation>
Kulenkampff, J.: Taking profit from molecular sensitivity on the macro scale: application of
PET for investigating transport processes in barrier material,  Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU2018-8813-1, 2018.</mixed-citation></ref>

  </ref-list></back>
    <!--<article-title-html>Transport in tight material enlightened by process tomography</article-title-html>
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<ref-html id="bib1.bib1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>
Kulenkampff, J., Gründig, M., Zakhnini, A., and Lippmann-Pipke, J.: Geoscientific process monitoring with positron emission tomography (GeoPET), Solid Earth, 7, 1217–1231, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1217-2016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1217-2016</a>, 2016.
</mixed-citation></ref-html>
<ref-html id="bib1.bib2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>
Kulenkampff, J.: Taking profit from molecular sensitivity on the macro scale: application of
PET for investigating transport processes in barrier material,  Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU2018-8813-1, 2018.
</mixed-citation></ref-html>--></article>
