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  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SaND</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">SaND</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2749-4802</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/sand-1-61-2021</article-id><title-group><article-title>Terrestrial photogrammetry: a method to gather data on fractures for DFN modelling from exposed rock surfaces</article-title><alt-title>Terrestrial photogrammetry</alt-title>
      </title-group><?xmltex \runningtitle{Terrestrial photogrammetry}?><?xmltex \runningauthor{F. Loeckle}?>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name><surname>Loeckle</surname><given-names>Filip</given-names></name>
          <email>filip.loeckle@bgr.de</email>
        <ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9194-1345</ext-link></contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><institution>Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover, 30655, Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Filip Loeckle (filip.loeckle@bgr.de)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>10</day><month>November</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <fpage>61</fpage><lpage>62</lpage>
      
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2021 Filip Loeckle</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/61/2021/sand-1-61-2021.html">This article is available from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/61/2021/sand-1-61-2021.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/61/2021/sand-1-61-2021.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://sand.copernicus.org/articles/1/61/2021/sand-1-61-2021.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d1e65">The stochastic generation of discrete fracture networks (DFN) is a method for
modelling fracture patterns used to assess the in situ fragmentation in a
volume of rock. The DFN modelling approach is based on the
assumption that the natural fragmentation of rocks is a function of the length and
connectivity of the fractures within the considered volume of rock. Thus, in order to generate a site-specific DFN, the
primary geometric properties of the fracture surfaces within the
rock volume (especially orientation, size and fracture intensity as well as
the local spatial variability) must be defined as distribution functions (Elmo
et al., 2014). The required base statistics are usually obtained from fracture
analysis on boreholes, exposed rock surfaces or (to a limited extent) 3D
seismics (e.g. Bisdom et al., 2014; Bemis et al., 2014).</p>

      <p id="d1e68">We adopted a terrestrial close-range photogrammetry approach to capture
several outcrops and analyse fracture traces on the exposed rock surfaces, the  chosen
workflow is based around the use of free and open-source software. Images were
acquired from several quarries in the Weschnitzpluton, a
granodioritic to quartz monzodioritic pluton in the Bergstrasse Odenwald
(e.g. Altherr et al., 1999) using a consumer-grade Nikon D5300
DSLR with fixed focal length instead of a drone or Lidar-system for legal
reasons, partially tree-lined outcrops and cost efficiency. Since point clouds
obtained from photogrammetry are inherently dimensionless, we used a spherical
target with compass and bubble level for scale and proper spatial orientation
(Froideval et al., 2019). The exact geolocation is not particularly important
for the task, so the use of GPS, total station or georeferenced ground control
points is not necessary. Dense point clouds were computed using the open
source SfM photogrammetry suite Meshroom (AliceVision, 2021), which can be
used for manual or semi-automatic detection of fracture surfaces and their orientation
(Schnabel et al., 2007) and to generate orthorectified images of the rock surface
to trace fracture lengths and nodes in a GIS (Nyberg et al., 2018). Our
investigations proved terrestrial photogrammetry to be a valuable and easily accessible  tool in the
documentation of natural fracture patterns and a robust base for the
generation of DFN networks.</p>
  </abstract>
      <trans-abstract><title>Kurzfassung</title>

      <p id="d1e73">Die stochastische Generierung diskreter Kluftnetzwerke (engl. discrete fracture networks, DFN) ist eine Methode zur Modellierung von Bruchmustern, die zur Abschätzung der in-situ Zerblockung natürlicher Gesteine verwendet wird. Der DFN-Ansatz basiert auf der Annahme, dass die Fragmentierung natürlicher Gesteine eine Funktion der Länge und Konnektivität der in dem betrachteten Gesteinsvolumen enthaltenen Brüche darstellt. Um ein standortspezifisches DFN zu generieren, müssen die primären geometrischen Eigenschaften der Bruchflächen in dem betrachteten Gesteinsvolumen als Verteilungsfunktionen definiert werden, insbesondere müssen hierfür Informationen zur Orientierung, Ausdehnung und Bruchintensität vorliegen, sowie deren räumliche Variabilität beschrieben werden (Elmo et al., 2014). Die dafür erforderlichen statistischen Datensätze werden üblicherweise aus Bohrlöchern oder Oberflächenaufschlüssen sowie eingeschränkt auch aus der 3D-Seismik gewonnen (z. B. Bisdom et al., 2014; Bemis et al., 2014).</p>

      <p id="d1e76">Die Erfassung der Aufschlusswände erfolgte mittels Methodiken aus dem Bereich der terrestrischen Nahbereichsphotogrammetrie, für die Bruchstrukturanalyse wurde ausschliesslich freie und quelloffene Software verwendet. Die aufgenommenen Steinbrüche befinden sich im Weschnitzpluton, einem granodioritischen bis quarz-monzodioritischen Pluton im Bergsträßer Odenwald (z. B. Altherr et al., 1999). Für die photographische<?pagebreak page62?> Aufnahme wurde eine handelsübliche Spiegelreflexkamera (Nikon D5300) mit Festbrennweitenobjektiv verwendet, Drohnen oder Lidar-Systeme wurden aus rechtlichen Gründen, wegen des teilweise vorhandenen Baumbestandes und aus Gründen der Kosteneffizienz nicht eingesetzt. Da durch photogrammetrische Methoden erzeugte Punktwolken grundsätzlich dimensionslos sind, wurde ein sphärisches Ziel mit Kompass und Libelle verwendet, um die erzeugten Modelle nachträglich skalieren und in ihre tatsächliche räumliche Lage rückorientieren zu können (Froideval et al., 2019). Die exakte globale Position ist für den Einsatzzweck nicht relevant, daher kann auf GPS, georeferenzierte Bodenkontrollpunkte oder Tachymeter ebenfalls verzichtet werden. Dichte dreidimensionale Punktwolkenmodelle wurden mittels des freien SfM-Photogrammetrie Softwarepakets Meshroom (AliceVision, 2021) erzeugt. Die Punktwolkenmodelle können anschliessend zur manuellen oder halbautomatischen Erfassung der Bruchflächenorientierungen (Schnabel et al., 2007) sowie für die Erzeugung von Orthofotos zur Digitalisierung von Bruchmustern und Analyse der Knotenpunkte mittels GIS (Nyberg et al., 2018) verwendet werden. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen auf, dass die terrestrische Nachbereichsphotogrammetrie ein nützliches und leicht zugängliches Werkzeug zur Erfassung von Bruchmustern in Aufschlüsen darstellt, das eine robuste Datengrundlage für die stochastische Generierung von Kluftnetzwerken liefert.</p>
  </trans-abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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    <back><ref-list>
    <title>References</title>

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    <!--<article-title-html>Terrestrial photogrammetry: a method to gather data on fractures for DFN modelling from exposed rock surfaces</article-title-html>
<abstract-html/>
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